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Red Star OS (Korean: 붉은별; MR: Pulgŭnbyŏl) is a North KoreanLinux distribution, with development first starting in 1998 at the Korea Computer Center (KCC). Prior to its release, computers in North Korea typically used Red Hat Linux^[3] and Windows XP.^[4]

Version 3.0 was released in the summer of 2013, but as of 2014, version 1.0 continues to be more widely used. It is offered only in a Korean language edition, localized with North Korean terminology and spelling.^[5]

Specifications[edit]

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Red Star OS features a modified Mozilla Firefox browser called Naenara ('My country' in Korean), which is used for browsing the Naenara web portal on the North Korean internet network known as Kwangmyong. Naenara comes with two search engines. Other software includes a text editor, an office suite, an e-mail client, audio and video players, and video games.^[6] Version 3, like its predecessors, runs Wine, a piece of software that allows Windows programs to be run under Linux.^[7]

Red Star OS 3.0, unlike its predecessors, uses a KDE 3 desktop. However, version 3.0 closely resembles Apple's macOS, whereas previous versions more closely resembled Windows XP;^[8][9] current North Korean leader Kim Jong-un was seen with an iMac on his desk in a 2013 photo, indicating a possible connection to the redesign.^[6][10][11]

Media attention[edit]

The Japan-based North Korea-affiliated newspaper Choson Sinbo interviewed two Red Star OS programmers in June 2006.^[3] In February 2010, a Russian international student at the Kim Il-sung University in Pyongyang purchased a copy and posted about it on his LiveJournal account; Russian television station RT picked up his LiveJournal post and translated it into English.^[6] English-language technology blogs, including Engadget and OSnews, as well as South Korean wire services such as Yonhap, went on to repost the content.^[5][12][13] In late 2013, Will Scott, who was visiting the Pyongyang University of Science and Technology, purchased a copy of version 3 from a KCC retailer in southern Pyongyang, and uploaded screenshots to the internet.^[7]

In 2015, two German researchers speaking at the Chaos Communication Congress^[14] described the internal operation of the OS.^[15] The North Korean government wants to track the underground market of USB flash drives used to exchange foreign films, music and writing,^[16] so the system watermarks all files on portable media attached to computers.^[17]

History[edit]

Version 1.0[edit]

The first version appeared in 2008. It is very reminiscent of the Windows XP operating system.

It featured the 'Naenara' web browser, based on Mozilla Firefox, and an Office suite based on Open Office, called 'Uri 2.0'. Wine is also included.

So far, no copies have been leaked online. The screenshots of the operating system were officially published by KCNA and discovered by South Korean news sites.^[20]

Version 2.0[edit]

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The development of version 2.0 began in March 2008, and was completed on 3 June 2009. Like its predecessor, it is based on the appearance of Windows XP, and was priced at 2000 North Korean won (approx. US$15).

The 'Naenara' internet browser is also included in this version. The browser was released on 6 August 2009, as part of the operating system, and was priced at 4000 North Korean won (approx. US$28).

The operating system uses a special keyboard layout that differs greatly from the South Korean standard layout.^{[citation needed]}

Version 3.0[edit]

Version 3.0 was introduced on 15 April 2012, and appears heavily based on macOS operating systems of various versions.^[21] The new version supports both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

The operating system comes pre-installed with a number of applications that monitor its users - if a user tries to disable security functions, the operating system often restarts in continuous loops or destroys itself. In addition, a watermarking tool integrated into the system marks all media content with the hard drive's serial number, allowing the North Korean authorities to trace the spread of files. The system also has hidden 'anti-virus' software that is capable of removing censored files that are remotely stored by the North Korean secret service. There is a user group called 'administrator' in the operating system. Users do not have root access by default, but are able to elevate their privileges to root by running a built-in utility called 'rootsetting'. However, provisions are made in kernel modules to deny even root users access to certain files, and extensive system integrity checks are done at boot time to ensure these files have not been modified.^[14]

Red Star OS 3 comes with a customized version of OpenOffice called Sogwang Office.^[14]

Version 4.0[edit]

Very little information is available on version 4.0.

As of late 2017 it is known that a Red Star 4.0 exists and is being field tested.^[22]A server variation of version 4.0 appears to be currently used on the website of North Korea's national airline Air Koryo, Voice of Korea, and The Pyongyang Times according to the HTTP server header.^[23][24]

According to The Pyongyang Times, an official version of Red Star OS 4.0 has been developed as of January 2019, with full network support as well as system and service management tools.^[25]

In June and July 2020, South Korea's NKEconomy (NK경제) obtained Red Star 4.0 and published articles about it.^{[26][27][28][29]}

Vulnerabilities[edit]

In 2016, the security company Hackerhouse found a security vulnerability in the integrated web browser Naenara. This vulnerability makes it possible to execute commands on the computer if the user clicks on a correspondingly crafted link.^[30][31]

References[edit]

1. ^'Red Star OS'. ArchiveOS. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
2. ^'Inside North Korea's Totalitarian Operating System'. Motherboard. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
3. ^ ^abKim, Chi-yong (2006-06-21), '〈민족정보산업의 부흥 -상-〉 《우리식 콤퓨터조작체계(OS) 》의 개발과 도입', Choson Sinbo (in Korean), archived from the original on 2007-12-23
4. ^'North Korea's 'paranoid' computer operating system revealed'. The Guardian. 27 December 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
5. ^ ^abNam, Hyeon-ho (2010-03-03), 北, 독자적 컴퓨터 운영체제 '붉은별' 개발, Yonhap News (in Korean), retrieved 2013-01-23
6. ^ ^abc'North Korea's 'secret cyber-weapon': brand new Red Star OS', RT, 2010-03-01, retrieved 2013-01-23
7. ^ ^abWilliams, Martyn (January 31, 2014). 'North Korea's Red Star OS Goes Mac'. North Korea Tech. Martyn Williams. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
8. ^'Apple's Mac OSX imitated in latest North Korea system'. BBC News. 2014-02-05. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
9. ^'North Korean computers get 'Apple' makeover'. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
10. ^'Apple's Mac OS X imitated in latest North Korea system'. BBC News. 2014-02-05.
11. ^'North Korean computers get 'Apple' makeover'. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
12. ^Holwerda, Thom (2009-03-04), 'North Korea Develops Its Own Linux Distribution', OSNews, retrieved 2013-01-23
13. ^Flatley, Joseph L. (2009-03-04), 'North Korea's Red Star OS takes the 'open' out of 'open source'', Engadget, retrieved 2013-01-23
14. ^ ^abcFlorian Grunow; Niklaus Schiess (2015-12-28). Lifting the Fog on Red Star OS - A deep dive into the surveillance features of North Korea's operating system. Chaos Communication Congress 32.
15. ^Jeremy Wagstaff and James Pearson (27 December 2015). 'Paranoid: North Korea's computer operating system mirrors its political one'. Reuters.
16. ^James Pearson (27 March 2015). 'The $50 device that symbolizes a shift in North Korea'. Reuters.
17. ^'RedStar OS Watermarking'. Insinuator.
18. ^'A Visual Guide To North Korea's Totalitarian Operating System'. Fast Company. 2014-09-23. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
19. ^'North Korea's Red Star OS takes the 'open' out of 'open source''. Engadget. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
20. ^Kim Tong-hyung (5 April 2010). 'NK Goes for Linux-Based Operating System'. Korea Times.
21. ^Williams, Martyn (2014-12-30). 'Red Star 3.0 Desktop finally becomes public'. North Korea Tech - 노스코리아테크. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
22. ^'Electronic Weapons: Two Lines, No Waiting'. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
23. ^'Air Koryo'. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
24. ^'The Pyongyang Times'. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
25. ^'The Pyongyang Times'(PDF).
26. ^'북한 붉은별4.0에 오라클 버추얼박스를 탑재하고 있다' [Oracle Virtualbox is installed in DPRK's Red Star 4.0]. NK경제 (NKEconomy). 2020-06-15.
27. ^'붉은별4.0 서광 오피스에서 MS워드 파일 편집 가능하다' [Sogwang Office in Red Star 4.0 can edit Microsoft Word files]. NK경제 (NKEconomy). 2020-06-23.
28. ^'북한 붉은별 4.0의 기본 브라우저는? 파이어폭스' [The default web browser in Red Star 4.0 is Firefox]. NK경제 (NKEconomy). 2020-07-06.
29. ^'붉은별4.0의 비밀번호 관리는 키체인으로?' [Password management in Red Star 4.0 is done by keychain?]. NK경제 (NKEconomy). 2020-07-21.
30. ^'RedStar OS 3.0: Remote Arbitrary Command Injection'. Archived from the original on December 5, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
31. ^Wei, Wang. 'North Korea's Linux-based Red Star OS can be Hacked Remotely with just a Link'. The Hacker News. Retrieved 2017-08-31.

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External links[edit]

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• 'OS 'Red Star' - линуксоиды всех стран, соединяйтесь!' (in Russian). 2010-02-27. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26.
• 'North Korean Red Star operating system details emerge'. BBC News. 2010-04-06.
• 北 컴퓨터운영체제 붉은별 첫 분석 (in Korean).
• redstar-tools: A tool used for analyzing the system.

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